Avances en el desarrollo de una vacuna contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum: una revisión de literatura
Advances in the development of vaccine against malaria by Plasmodium falciparum: a literature review
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Introducción. La malaria por Plasmodium falciparum es una enfermedad causante de altas tasas de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial. Diferentes candidatos a vacuna se han evaluado experimentalmente en humanos; sin embargo, no se dispone de ninguna vacuna que reduzca o elimine esta devastadora enfermedad. Objetivo. Describir en términos de diseño, respuesta inmune, eficacia protectiva y perspectivas, los principales candidatos vigentes a vacuna contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum, dirigidos a las fases pre-eritrocítica y eritrocítica. Metodoogía. Se realizó una revisión descriptiva de trabajos publicados en bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, Embase y MedLine. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: trabajos publicados en una ventana de tiempo entre 2000 y 2019, candidatos a vacuna contra Plasmodium falciparum en estadíos pre y eritrocíticos y vigencia según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. En total, se revisaron 90 artículos originales, encontrando que 63 cumplieron con todos los criterios establecidos, mientras que 27, no cumplieron por lo menos con un criterio. Resultados. Los candidatos a vacunas vigentes incluyen diseños basados en parásitos atenuados, proteínas recombinantes, vectores virales y síntesis química. Las formulaciones contienen un número mínimo de antígenos con secuencias de aminoácidos altamente polimórficas, que inducen un aceptable perfil de inmunogenicidad, aunque una limitada eficacia protectora contra la malaria, debido a que tales regiones polimórficas son inmunodominantes, confiriendo únicamente inmunidad específica de cepa. Conclusión. El desarrollo de una vacuna efectiva contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum posiblemente requiera incluir múltiples epítopes funcionalmente relevantes, del estadío pre y eritrocítico, que contengan regiones conservadas entre cepas, para lograr inducir respuestas inmunes duraderas que bloqueen la invasión del parásito a células hepáticas y eritrocitos.
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