Uso de cánula nasal de alto flujo en falla respiratoria en adultos

Use of high flow nasal cannula in respiratory failure in adults

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Adriana Valero Ortiz
Flor Angela Umbacía Salas
Clara Lizeth Palencia Mojica
Magda Tixiana Suárez Saavedra
Laura Jimena Silva Rodriguez

Resumen

Introducción. La oxigenoterapia brinda un gran número de beneficios para aquellos pacientes que presentan enfermedades cardiorrespiratorias, mejora procesos fundamentales como ventilación,  oxigenación y perfusión clínica. El objetivo de esta revisión de tema es analizar la evidencia de la literatura relacionada con la utilidad y uso de la cánula nasal de alto flujo, en pacientes adultos bajo cuidado intensivo, con falla respiratoria. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de 100 artículos publicados en las bases de datos Science Direct, Scopus, Ovid, Medline, Proquest y Cochrane, durante una ventana de tiempo comprendida entre 2011 y 2017. Se seleccionaron 50 artículos originales y se excluyeron 50 estudios correspondientes a revisiones de tema, de caso y a la utilización de la cánula nasal en servicios diferentes a la unidad de cuidado intensivo adulto. Resultados. La cánula nasal de alto flujo fue utilizada en mayor proporción para el manejo terapéutico en falla hipoxémica entre leve y moderada, en falla hipercápnica y en procesos de preintubación y postextubación, con lo cual se evidenció mejoría en los parámetros clínicos y gasométricos y en el confort del paciente; además, se convirtió en una alternativa terapéutica que tiene efectos positivos sobre procesos fisiológicos. Conclusiones. El uso de la cánula nasal de alto flujo ha demostrado beneficios en la evolución clínica de los pacientes, gracias a los efectos terapéuticos que genera en procesos como la oxigenación y ventilación, comparados con otros sistemas de oxigenación convencional; sin embargo, es necesario aumentar los estudios que validen los beneficios de este dispositivo, sobre todo en los pacientes con falla respiratoria tipo hipercápnica.

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