Revisión de estudios pre-clínicos de candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria causada por Plasmodium falciparum
Review of preclinical studies of candidates for malaria vaccine caused by Plasmodium falciparum
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Introducción. La malaria es una enfermedad que causa aproximadamente 400.000 muertes al año, especialmente en niños menores de 5 años; la búsqueda de una vacuna eficaz y segura sigue siendo un reto para los investigadores, sin embargo, antes de iniciar los estudios de fase clínica, los ensayos preclínicos en modelo animal deben brindar resultados de seguridad e inmunogenicidad que lleven a respuestas eficaces de protección. Objetivo. Revisar las principales características de la respuesta inmunológica y eficacia en estudios pre-clínicos de candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum. Métodos. Revisión descriptiva de los principales estudios preclínicos de candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria, basados en subunidades, parásitos atenuados y vacunas multi-estadio, multi-epitope, que se han realizado para evaluar inmunogenicidad y eficacia en modelo animal. Esta revisión se llevó a cabo a partir de la búsqueda de literatura en bases de datos electrónicas especializadas en investigación científica. Se encontraron 118 documentos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 91 y se excluyeron 17 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión, para un total de 74 referencias analizadas. Resultados. Muchos candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria causada por Plasmodium falciparum han reportado resultados prometedores contra cepas homologas, sin embargo, ante el reto con cepas heterólogas la eficacia disminuye, por otra parte, la respuesta inmune y protectiva duradera continúa siendo un objetivo clave, convirtiéndose en una prioridad. Conclusiones. Los estudios preclínicos en modelo animal son necesarios antes de avanzar a fases clínicas, la evaluación de inmunogenicidad y eficacia es un aspecto esencial para la evaluación de candidatos a vacuna.
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